Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management Essay Example

Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management Paper The importance and the related benefits of properly managing organic waste are still underestimated in many Philippine municipalities. That is why the Philippines is still looming with garbage management predisposition the passage of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. These problems brought to light during rainy seasons when their effects are seen in the form of increased flash floods and the proliferation of diseases throughout affected areas. Len general, such harmful effects to the environment and to society can be decreased by proper waste management practices. Roper dealing with organic waste can reduce the potential for environmental pollution while also protecting the individual who is responsible for the discarded materials (Hawkins, 2010). Furthermore, applying proper waste management practices loud result in the reduction of costs incurred in waste collection. Publication Full Text Seth presence of the organic waste management problem in Cube City is denoted by the popular existence of public markets. Carbon Market, the citys oldest and biggest produce market, is one of the primary sources of such waste. Though the citys garbage is collected through trucks, only an estimated 350 out of 500,000 tons of waste generated daily is collected and disposed at the Anyway landfill(Archival, 2012). In order to partially address the citys existing problem, the dumping of garbage must be reduced such hat recycling must be done whenever possible. Len connection with this, we recognize the fact that the high nutrient content and biodegradable nature of vegetable waste makes it easier to recycle. Despite the global applicability of organic waste management problem, we deemed it best to scrutinize the situation from a local standpoint. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specifically, we focused our study on the management of spoiled vegetables in local public markets. We conducted this study determine the methods of managing vegetable waste in Cube Citys public markets that are effective in minimizing the dumping of garbage that loud otherwise be recycled. Applying efficient and effective vegetable waste management methods would produce a positive impact not only on the incomes Of Cube City public market vendors but also on the Subcutaneously as a whole and the community in which it lives. Statement of the Problem The researchers conduct this study to describe the methods for disposal and management of vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cube City. Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions: a. How much vegetable wastes are currently being disposed of in the public markets in Cube City? . What method for disposal and management of vegetate blew wastes are currently implemented by the authorities that are responsible for the public markets? C. How do public market vendors respond to these implemented disposal and management methods? What are their attitudes and behaviors towards these methods? D. What are effective alternative methods of disposing and managing vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cube City? Statement of Assumptions It is assumed that the disposal of spoiled vegetables in the proper and most advantageous man near presents problems to public market vegetable endorsed, and that these vegetable vendors have their own strategies in disposing of spoiled vegetables which differ from market to market. It is also assumed that the public market area is a factor that affects the method fattest management. In addition, an optimal method of spoiled vegetable waste management exists. Significance of the Study Waste management is crucial for the betterment of the society since without it, people might end up suffering from their own garbage. Studying how public markets in Cube City manage and dispose of the vegetable wastes would greatly benefit many parties in the community including the market getable vendors, public market consumers, Local Government Units, the community and students. At the conclusion of our research, we will also recommend some solutions that would be Of best advantage to these parties: Market Vegetable Vendors This study aims to help the public market vegetable vendors be more aware that the management and proper disposal of the vegetable wastes is important in keeping the market environment sanitary and to provide them with optimal solutions on their disposal problems. Public Market Consumers This study will educate the consumers about the sanitary problems that exist in the vegetable market area and to enlighten them of the risks that these problems might pose on the cleanliness of the vegetables they buy and consequently, on their health. Local Government Units Through this study, the responsible government units or authorities would also be notified on the problem of disposing of the vegetable wastes in the markets in Cube City and would also assist them in making actions to solve the problem. Community By reading this research, the community would know that the proper management and disposal of vegetable wastes helps in keeping it healthy and ell; this may also inspire the society to cooperate in the application of the optimal solution to the sanitary problems of the vegetable market. Students This study would enlighten us, students, of the growing need to be more responsible in the management and disposal not only of the vegetable wastes but wastes in general. By reading this research, students will be more aware that there are actual problems that require attention beyond the four walls of their classrooms.

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine essays

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine essays Three years after the Allied victory of World War II and the tragic details of the Holocaust were revealed to the world, the United Nations recognized Israel as an independent state on May 15th, 1948. Ilan Pappe's The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine is a revisionist work that aims to reveal, as Pappe believes, the true narrative of the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. His main thesis is that David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first Prime Minister, and other Jewish leaders planned and executed a detailed and brutal ethnic cleansing of the Arab population residing in Palestine. Pappe contends that the plan, entitled Plan D or Plan Dalet, was carefully crafted for the Hagana, the precursor to the Israeli army, to carry out even before the British Mandate was lifted and UN Partition went into effect. He contends that early Zionists are mainly to blame for violence towards the Arabs, and that in discussing the events of 1948, the "ethnic cleansing paradigm" should replace the "paradigm of war" when researching and discussing what is at the ideological core of such events.[1] Benny Morris, another revisionist historian wrote the precursor to Pappe's work in 1987, entitled The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. He states that Morris used the "war paradigm" to describe the events of 1948, and that evicting Arabs from their homeland was inevitable. It is evident in the Preface that Pappe's work is a move further away from the Zionist narrative, one closer to Morris', in comparison to that of his own work to He claims the previous revisionist works, particularly Morris's, are incomplete based on the fact that Morris relied mainly on Israeli documents and did not include Arab or oral sources. Based on his research, he contends that uprooting Palestinians began before Israel was an official state and new borders for Israel were drawn. He uses other historians' work as a reference when explaining...

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples Ions are atoms or molecules that carry a net electrical charge. There are different types of ions, including cations, anions, and spectator ions. Spectator Ion Definition A spectator ion is an ion that exists in the same form on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction. Spectator ions may be either cations (positively-charged ions) or anions (negatively-charged ions). The ion is unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation and does not affect equilibrium. When writing a net ionic equation, spectator ions found in the original equation are ignored. Thus, the total ionic reaction is different from the net chemical reaction. Spectator Ion Examples Consider the reaction between sodium chloride (NaCl) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) in aqueous solution. 2 NaCl (aq) CuSO4 (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The ionic form of this reaction is: 2 Na (aq) 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq) SO42- (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The sodium ions and sulfate ion are the spectator ions in this reaction. They appear unchanged in both the product and reactant side of the equation. These ions just spectate while the other ions form the copper chloride. These ions are canceled out of a reaction to write the net ionic equation, so the net ionic equation for this example would be: 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™ CuCl2 (s) Although spectator ions are ignored in the net reaction, they affect the Debye length. Table of Common Spectator Ions These ions are spectator ions because they dont react with water, so when soluble compounds of these ions dissolve in water, they wont directly affect pH and can be ignored. While you can consult a table, it worthwhile to memorize the common spectator ions because knowing them makes it easier to identify strong acids, strong bases, and neutral salts in a chemical reaction. The easiest way to learn them is in groups of three or trios of ions found together on the periodic table of the elements.

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths Annotated Bibliography

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths - Annotated Bibliography Example The study also highlights the need for universal screening of the aforementioned illnesses in youth correction facilities; and the tendency of untrained staff in these facilities to interpret psychiatric data to incriminate juveniles instead of finding medical interventions to mitigate the risks these youth are exposed to while incarcerated. Golzari, M., Hunts, S. J., Anoshiravani, A. (2006). The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 776-782. Golzari, et al. (2006) surveyed the variables which influence the health status of youth in detention, as well as the health issues of this cohort which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the general adolescent population. The authors are deemed authoritative in the field of medicine and in the academe. This work is an excellent resource for researchers and medical professionals who are interested in the well-being of juveniles exiting from detention facilities and how access of t hese group of adolescents to community health resources may be improved. Pack, R. P., Diclemente, R. J., Hook, E. W. (2000).

Criminology- To what extent are prison suicides in the UK a Essay

Criminology- To what extent are prison suicides in the UK a consequence of prisons being used to accommodate too many people with mental health problems - Essay Example Insufficient mental health treatment is provided by those in charge in the prisons. Extremely harsh, terrifying, and bleak facts are also revealed by a research study lately about the ten most horrific prisons of all times in the world according to which prisoners irrespective of their histories are kept unacceptably jam-packed like animals. The UK prisons are also teeming with psychopath prisoners to some extent who have severe mental health issues like major depression, anxiety, paranoia, and suicide idealization. Overcrowding is blamed for 37% rise in prison suicide among inmates living together in prison systems which have no good management (Woodward 2008). Concerning the alarming situation that as many as 9 out of 10 prisoners in UK are subjected to deal with the rough consequences of depression, paranoia, drug or alcohol abuse, anxiety, and personality disorders, the claim that the rough prison atmosphere in UK might be the reason behind growing number of suicides reported by prison officials starts appearing to be valid and acceptable. â€Å"More than two-thirds of all men, women and children in prison have two or more mental health problems such as depression and anxiety† (PRISON REFORM TRUST 2010). The incidence of mental or personality disorders is really not that common among the normal population and this frequency of ill mental health gives rise to prison suicides which are becoming more frequent in UK now than ever before. There definitely exists a connection between overcrowding in jails and suicide attempts by prisoners. Jails in UK are under pressure from overcrowding and more often than not, they cave in to this pr essure with the result that the statistical data revealed by prison officials identifies that â€Å"the number of prisoners who killed themselves in jail rose significantly in 2007† (BBC

The following information outlines Brilliant Decisions Associations tender Essay Example for Free

The following information outlines Brilliant Decisions Associations tender Essay Introduction Within this tender for contract, Brilliant Decisions Association has outlined its aims, objectives, and aspirations for providing the City of Leeds with a modern, flexible, and state of the art health facility. The facility which our consortium will be replacing, Leeds General Infirmary, has suffered from under investment for many years. The resulting consequences have produced a health facility which fell short of the communities needs and expectations, and will continue to do so for many years unless investment is acquired. The following information outlines Brilliant Decisions Associations tender for contract for the development of a new health facility for the City of Leeds. Objectives Brilliant Decisions Association is a consortium of national and international businesses with a strategic interest in the strength and success of the Citys economy, financial sector and employment. Our consortium will provide a high quality, privately financed hospital to provide the community with a modern, flexible, state of the art hospital. We believe by providing a new health facility, the community will not only experience sufficiently increased level of care, but increased employment prospects, and improved services. These services, such as the improved transport links a new health facility will provide to the community, will provide increased access to the city and the local community, increase custom to retail outlets which will improve the strength of the communitys finances. Brilliant Decisions Association has many aspirations for the new health facility which it will deliver to the City of Leeds and the local community surrounding the hospital upon completion of the project. We believe the new health facility will be the most modern and state of the art in the country, providing flexible services to meet the needs and demands of the local community and providing the community with a wide range of employment opportunities in which they can progress through into management. We understand that no matter how efficient the new health facility is, we need the support of the local community for it to be a centre of excellence. Brilliant Decisions Association has very strong ethical views on the impact that a new health facility will have on the local community and because of this, we have a number of key areas which we will endeavour to meet with the development of the new hospital. The new health facility is going to be developed in a green field site located in the local community area. We recognise that building on this land will be difficult to accept for the local residents but we are going to develop the hospital to encompass many of the natural aspects of the green field site. We will have many open areas and gardens around the hospital for patient and visitors to walk around. We will develop any land which is not developed into the main infrastructure of the hospital by planting many trees, plants and shrubs to make the hospital less of an eyesore and to encourage the natural wild life to inhabit these areas. The new health facility will be of the highest standards in terms of quality of buildings and the internal infrastructure. The quality of buildings and dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor which will be used will be professionally constructed so as to provide a safe environment for our staff, patients and visitors. A stringent fire safety procedure will be in place to protect the safety of our staff and patients. Our staff will be heavily trained with regular re-training exercises in the health and safety laws and regulations which govern the safety of the hospital, patients and themselves. There will be clearly visible fire and health and safety notices to inform staff and patients of emergency exits and their responsibilities. Brilliant Decision Association will endeavour to employ only quality trained staff to provide our patients with the highest quality of care available to enable the health facility to match our aims and aspirations. * To secure the most advantageous deal for ourselves, building a new hospital, we believe the cost of these advisors will be in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.000.000 on the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½164.000.000 contract. The consultancy cost figures are in the higher percentage range, around 8-9% so that we do not go under budget for this expenditure. * Based on two future PFI scheme hospitals, they will have a throughput of patients per bed of 88 and 100 per year. We will aim to have a throughput of 90 in line with these future hospitals. * We feel that we can best achieve our objectives by offering a new hospital with buildings of high quality. With a new hospital there are a minimum of limitations as to what can be done, and this will hopefully appeal to the NHS trust. This is of course the option that would satisfy the shareholders in our member companies as well as it will increase their return. * Ancillary staff will be contracted to out to work with existing employees. Because we are pushing for a re-development, TUPE rules wont apply to current staff and all employees can be paid the same and the same conditions can apply to all staff. * We could introduce charges for parking; this could be an area which could provide our shareholders with a large increase in profits. Clamping could also be considered with the release fee waived if we believed it was under exceptional circumstances. Charging for televisions, radio usage and the use of bedside phones should be considered to further increase profits. Vending machines around the hospital could also be used for profit maximisation. We could aim to receive 50% return on the items purchased. * To change this public opinion/perception, we will implement an advertising campaign identifying the opportunities for the population and the district i.e. job creation and investment. We will also identify and reaffirm that it is the only and best option so that we can obtain public support for the hospital. Exhibition portfolio Issue no. 1 Use of consultants, lawyers and accountants We will utilise the expertise of the most qualified consultants, lawyers and accountants to secure the contract and provide us with the maximum profit. The cost of advisors in PFI schemes in the past has been between 2.8% and 8.7%. To secure the most advantageous deal for ourselves we estimate that the cost of these advisors will be in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.000.000 on the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½164.000.000 contract. As a company we believe this expenditure is justified if we secure the contract. The consultancy cost figures are in the higher percentage range, around 8-9% so that we do not go under budget for this expenditure. As with previous PFI schemes there have been varying public opinions on the financing of their local hospitals under the PFI initiative. We could use these consultants to put to rest the public concerns. This will be discussed later in issue six. Pros and Cons for developing a new Hospital: Pros larger contract = more profits employ own staff (ancillary staff) = cheaper wages Cons Time needed to build and develop = long wait for return on investment Greenfield site No road or rail links = these would have to be constructed taking up valuable time Pros and Cons for the Refurbishment of a previous hospital: Pros Shorter development time Cons Less profit Limitations on employing own staff Poor transport links Poor emergency access as in built up area Issue no.2 Number and throughput of beds The population in the area is expected to significantly increase over the next 15 years. The area of growth that will be the largest will be that of the elderly population. If we were to aim to provide a bed for each elderly member of the public, our profit margins will decrease significantly to satisfy the increased demand. To accommodate for these future demands, we will aim to improve the throughput of beds as in other PFI financed hospitals, above the NHS average of 56-57 patients per year per bed. With these other PFI schemes, they have experienced a 20-40% bed loss when building a new hospital after the reconfiguration of services, an area in which we could investigate in order to save money and increase our profits. Based on two future PFI scheme hospitals, they will have a throughput of patients per bed of 88 and 100 per year. We will aim to have a throughput of 90 in line with these future hospitals. Pros and Cons for reducing the number of beds: PROs * Less cost * More profit CONs * Not able to cope with patients demand * Could affect success for the contract Issue no. 3 Quality of the buildings Alternatives to be considered When considering the quality of the buildings, there are several issues that need to be reviewed. First of all, we need to decide between (a) rebuilding and refurbishing the City General Infirmary (b) building a new hospital We also need to decide whether the hospital, existing or new, should be of (I) poor quality (II) average quality (III) high quality Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses Rebuilding and refurbishing the City General Infirmary: Strengths As the buildings already exist, the costs will be lower compared to building a new hospital. With less construction work needed, the chance of overdue work will be smaller resulting in less chance of being penalized. The lower costs of construction work means that the 20% profit expected by builders will be a lower amount. Weaknesses The existing buildings may cause limitations as to what can be done and likely problems with issues like size can be impossible to overcome. Building a new hospital: Strengths There are no limitations as to what can be done in terms of size, technology etc., enabling us to accommodate all the needs the NHS trust may have. Weaknesses A new hospital involves extensive construction work which will affect the cost. Because of the amount of work required, the risk of penalties due to overdue completion is high. Extensive construction work also means payment to builders will be a large figure. Poor Quality Strengths The costs will be low. Less work needs to be done. Less work means that there is a smaller chance of overdue construction work and penalties. As the cost for poor quality construction work will be low, so will the profits paid out to the builders. Weaknesses As lease agreements for PFI hospitals have a typical duration of 25 years, maintenance of the hospital will be the consortiums responsibility for a long period of time. Any savings we might make now for not investing in quality might become costly in future as shoddy construction work normally doesnt have high durability. Low quality buildings might put the health and safety of future employees, patients and visitors at risk. The chance of winning the contract may be smaller if we only offer a hospital of poor quality. Conclusion After evaluating the range of alternatives, we feel that we can best achieve our objectives by offering a new hospital with buildings of high quality. With a new hospital there are a minimum of limitations as to what can be done, and this will hopefully appeal to the NHS trust. This is of course the option that would satisfy the shareholders in our member companies as well as it will increase their return. Although going with a new hospital and the high quality option will be more costly then the other alternatives, we believe it will increase our chances of winning the contract, and future maintenance expenses will be kept to a minimum. Making a high quality hospital can also be good publicity for the consortium. Issue no. 4 Ancillary services The problem has been defined and recognised. This is concerned with the decision on whether to contract out ancillary services or to provide the service within the scheme. These are the two feasible alternatives. To complete the decision making process, the alternatives will be evaluated and the best alternative will be selected. The consortium has the opportunity to make a maximising choice. This is defined as the decision making the best choice of various alternatives. The decision making condition is that of Uncertainty. The decision maker is not able to predict the outcome of the decision, a range of possible outcomes may be identified and evaluated but there is in-sufficient information to derive outcome probabilities. The problem raises some financial issues. Contracting out the ancillary services is the most profitable course of action for the consortium. Using self-provided employees is less profitable because there pay and working conditions are protected by the TUPE (Transfer of Undertakings) rules. If external ancillary staff were employed, they wouldnt be protected by the TUPE so the consortium could cut costs by paying staff at a lower level. There is also the possibility of a hospital development rather than a refurbishment which would mean that TUPE would not apply to the staff. This would mean that the pay level could be reduced to cut costs and produce a larger level of annual profit. The financial decision raises some ethical issues also. Previous consortia have encountered problems when ancillary staff have been hired and are working with self-provided employees. The ancillary staff are paid at a lower rate then the self-provided staff because self-provided staff are protected by TUPE rules. There will be two sets of staff performing the same operations within the hospital but being paid at two different rates. This could lead to poor team-work between the two different sets of staff. This could lead to in-efficiency and poor performance of staff. Strikes could be encountered and this has been experienced by previous consortia. A strike could increase the workload of self-provided staff who may not be able to cope. The question has to be asked on whether it is ethically right and fair to set the level of pay to two different levels for the same job. The two main issues to contend with before a decision is made the financial and ethical factors. The advantages of hiring ancillary staff are that it is more profitable and are not protected by the TUPE rules so the conditions provided dont have to meet certain standards. However, the hiring of ancillary staff may disrupt the running of the hospital. Strikes could be encountered and the relationship between the ancillary staff and the self-provided staff would not be ideal leading to poor performance of staff. There is also the possibility of a development in contrast to a refurbishment which would mean that self-provided staff wouldnt be protected by TUPE rules. After evaluation of the possible alternatives, it has been decided that the best course of action is to provide staff ourselves. The hiring of ancillary staff would be too much of a disruption for the running of the hospital. With the possibility of a development, self-provided staff wouldnt be protected by TUPE rules. This would mean that self-provided staff would be just as profitable as hiring ancillary staff. Business Decision Analysis model: An analytical decision model can be used to help evaluate and interpret which decision will provide the best outcome. As decision makers, we are operating under the conditions of Uncertainty. The Stochastic model can be used because it incorporates the estimates of probability. A model can be created to help determine which decision will produce the best outcome. The problems encountered with a stochastic model are that it can be difficult to create estimates of the probabilities. The probabilities will be derived using the Subjective method. Under this method, the decision maker uses opinion, intuition, judgement and past experience. The probability tree below conveys the estimates associated with the alternatives concerned with the financial possibilities; ANCILLARY (1High profit) REFURBISHMENT CONSORTIUM SELF PROVIDED (2Lower profit) DEVELOPMENT ANCILLARY (3High profit) SELF PROVIDED (4High profit) Outcome number Probability 1 (0.6 x 0.5) = 30% 2 (0.6 x 0.5) = 30% 3 (0.4 x 0.5) = 20% 4 (0.4 x 0.5) = 20% The decision tree above shows four possible outcomes from the alternatives. The two types of outcome is high and low profit. There is a higher chance of refurbishment rather than development because that is the original proposition. But the development does have its advantages to the government so this should have a reasonable amount of probability associated with it. From these two original options, the consortium can contract out staff or self-provide staff. There is a 50% chance of the consortium choosing each option. These two options will produce a financial outcome. The table above shows these financial outcomes and the probability associated with them. The table shows that choosing ancillary services provides a 50% of profit. This is a 30% probability from the refurbishment and a 20% probability from the development. The development also provides an extra 20% probability of profit from the development because there is no TUPE protection for self-provided staff. This shows that there is a 70% chance of profit from the alternative of choosing ancillary staff, which is the reason why this alternative has been chosen. However, it has been taken into account that these probabilities are estimates and there is room for marginal error. Issue no. 5 Charges for parking and television There are a number of options that could be considered so as maximise shareholder profits, many already employed in other PFI hospitals. We could introduce charges for parking; this could be an area which could provide our shareholders with a large increase in profits. Clamping could also be considered with the release fee waived if we believed it was under exceptional circumstances. Charging for televisions, radio usage and the use of bedside phones should be considered to further increase profits. Vending machines around the hospital could also be used for profit maximisation. We could aim to receive 50% return on the items purchased. Issue no. 6 Opposition to PFI financed hospital Within the local population, there is an 81% objection rate to a PFI financed hospital. They will however accept this proposal when they realise it is the only real option for development of their health services. To change this public opinion/perception, we could implement an advertising campaign identifying the opportunities for the population and the district i.e. job creation and investment. We could also identify and reaffirm that it is the only and best option so that we can obtain public support for the hospital. We could use the services of the consultants/advisors to either carry out this advertising campaign or advise the company how we should do it and get another company in to do it. The second option would cost more money and would reduce our profits. Refinancing We intend to refinance the deal as soon as the risky phase of the construction is complete. We are doing so in order to increase the return on profits for our shareholders. Theoretical decisions During the decision making process we aimed to use the rational model of decision-making. This process had the potential to be successful because: * Goals were known the goal or aim is to win the contract to build and run a new hospital under the PFI Initiative * Information/resources were available through the Department of Health website and other available information it was possible to research previous PFI schemes and what they offer * Prediction is feasible the outcome of the decision will hopefully mean that we will win the contract and this is a feasible prediction as we have as much chance as any other group to win the contract The Rational Model: 1 Identify and design the problem 2 Gather and sort the information 3 Generate the broadest possible range of alternatives 4 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives 5 Select the optimal alternative 6 Implement and monitor the effectiveness The Rational Model applied to our decision-making: 1 Create and submit a promising tender for contract to build and run a Hospital under the PFI Scheme by exceeding present expectations of similar schemes in order to win the contract. 2 Researched previous PFI schemes in order to improve the performance and meet expectations 3 Choose whether the best option would be to build a new hospital or refurbish a previous hospital 4 Identify the six issues in terms of which decision to take pros and cons of each alternative 5 To build a new Hospital in order to increase the chances of providing a better service, whilst benefiting the community, the NHS and our needs, in order to win the contract 6 Submit the tender for contract and wait to see if the contract has been won by ourselves The constraints of the decision making process meant that as a group we may have satisficed rather than maximised due to constraints such as limited availability of resources and time limitations (deadline needing to be met). After attempting to take the Rational approach it can be seen that the decision making process ended up being Bounded Rational as we ended up satisficing the end result. Despite attempting to be rational during the decision making process the actual processes was much more chaotic and Cohen et als (1972) Garbage Can Model is more appropriate to the way in which our decisions were made. The Garbage Can Model: Cohen et al identify that there are 4 independent processes affecting decision-making. These four processes all coincide with each other randomly until the decision is made. Our decision-making was chaotic but eventually as the 4 processes merged the decision was made. * Problems create a proposal that appeals to the local community and the requirements of the NHS to win the contract. * Solutions win the contract * Participants we are a group of business men and women leading a consortium of companies * Choice Opportunities To build a new hospital or refurbish the existing hospital. Factors affecting the decision-making Process: Risk and Uncertainty * Risk the contract will be won by another group choices have to be made about the hospital i.e. new or refurbishment in order to attract the interest and win the contract. * Uncertainty the results of the decision are uncertain as we do not know what the competitors proposals contain. Ethics: When building something as important a hospital the needs of the patients are top priority and the requirements of the staff to provide a safe and workable environment. Societal ethics, professional ethics and individual ethics are important factors in the decision-making process. During the decision-making process the group was not affected by Groupthink or risky-shift. Bibliography Whittaker. L, BDA Lecture notes. www.dh.gov.uk

Carol Ann Duffys Little Red-Cap and Delilah Essay -- Carol Ann Duffy

Carol Ann Duffy's "Little Red-Cap† and â€Å"Delilah" â€Å"During the 1980s, a unique type and style of women-led peace protest strategies emerged that relied on the powerful language, and particularly the powerful imagery of women as a group engaged in an extended protest against nuclear weapons† (LaWare 18). Carol Ann Duffy’s book, The World’s Wife, was first published in Great Britain in 1999, and two of its dramatic monologues similarly rely on the powerful language and imagery of women engaged in a protest against historically patriarchal narratives and male violence. â€Å"While some peace encampments [in the 1980s] included men and women, many were women only, including one of the first and longest lasting peace encampments, the Women’s Peace Camp at Greenham Common in Newbury, England, which evolved into and ignited a women’s peace movement† (LaWare 18). â€Å"[T]housands of women from Britain and the world†¦ later visited and lived at the camp during its almost twenty years of existence, until the last group of women left in 2000[,]† and while it’s not clear whether Duffy visited the camp, the camp’s strategies of resistance are embedded in two of her poems (LaWare 19). The speakers of â€Å"Little Red-Cap† and â€Å"Delilah† employ the camp’s strategies of physically embracing a symbol of male violence, subsequently defacing the symbol through an act of creative nonviolence, and finally transforming the symbol’s patriarchal sphere into a space filled with peace and feminine imagery. First, the speakers of Duffy’s two poems resemble the protestors at Greenham Common who physically embraced a symbol of male violence: [T]he Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp gained both national and international attention in D... ...orld’s Wife. New York: Faber, 1999. 28-29. ---. â€Å"Little Red-Cap.† The World’s Wife. New York: Faber, 1999. 3-4. Holy Bible, New International Version. Zondervan, gen. ed. International Bible Society, 1984. BibleGateway.com. Gospel Communications International. 14 May 2005 search=judges%2016&version1=31>. LaWare, Margaret L. â€Å"Circling the Missiles and Staining Them Red: Feminist Rhetorical Invention and Strategies of Resistance at the Women’s Peace Camp at Greenham Common.† NWSA Journal 16.3 (2004): 18-41. Little Red Riding-Hood Picture Book. London: George Routledge and Sons, circa 1870. The Little Red Riding Hood Project. Ed. Michael N. Salda. Dec. 1995. The de Grummond Children’s Literature Research Collection, University of Southern Mississippi. 14 May 2005