Capital Punishment on Trial Essay - 1864 Words

Capital Punishment on Trial Capital Punishment is an issue that has been argued over from the dinner table in the average American home the the oval office in the White House for countless amounts of years. The opposing sides each state their claim on why we should, or shouldnt allow the death penalty to be administered to those criminals who the courts believe should be killed. Each argument has very valid reasons on why the death penalty is right and wrong, and they both have convincing points to prove their argument. The social problems within capital punishment vary from it being morally right or wrong, humane or inhumane, to the excessive time and money that is spent during appeals and stays of execution. This†¦show more content†¦As if the loss of a loved one is not enough for a family to deal with, Bundy remained on death row for nearly ten years. Three stays of execution and endless appeals kept Bundy alive for almost a decade, when his victims lives were untimely and viciously taken from them (Lamar 34). Many in fovor of the death penalty feel that if a sentence of death is handed down, then it should be enforced immediately, not as a question of morality, but simply as an act of justice. The death penalty already exists in thirty six states, and given its existence it should be enforced. The problem that arises within the criminal justice system as it is currently written in the law books is where part of this social problem arises. Since the United States Supreme Court reinstated the death Penalty in 1976, thirty six states have legislated capital punishment statutes (Capital Punishment 1992). All but thirteen states and the District of Columbia have the death penalty as a sentencing option, including Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (Norman 1). Since capital punishment is already in existence, the problem is that it is not enforced. This lack of enforcement translated into inefficient functioning of the criminal justice system, which begins to be looked at as a social problem. If the criminalShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment On Trial : Furman V. Georgia And The Death Penalty985 Words   |  4 PagesIn David M. Oshinsky’s book, Capital Punishment on Trial: Furman v. Georgia and the Death Penalty in Modern America, he discussed the case of Furman v. Georgia. He explores the controversy that capital punishment holds in the United States of America. The death penalty has been in practice for many centuries. For example, â€Å"In Massachusetts, where religion had played a key role in settlement, crimes like blasphemy, witchcraft, sodomy, adultery, and incest became capital offenses, through juries sometimesRead MoreDeath Penalty for Murders1634 Words   |  6 Pagessevere punishment in the United States. People who have performed heinous crimes can be sentenced to capital punishment in some states; however, this type of chastisement is rarely performed. Capital punishment has more negative aspects than it h as positive. The states that have legalized the death penalty face the excessive costs associated with it, which can be damaging to their economies. In addition, there is always the chance of executing an innocent person when carrying out capital punishmentRead MoreThe Cost Of Capital Punishment1664 Words   |  7 Pagespenalty with no resultant reduction in crime. The exorbitant costs of capital punishment are actually making America less safe because badly needed financial and legal resources are being diverted from effective crime fighting strategies. Before the Los Angeles riots, for example, California had little money for innovations like community policing, but was managing to spend an extra $90 million per year on capital punishment. Texas, with over 300 people on death row, is spending an estimated $2Read MoreToughts on the Capital Punishment1646 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment On June 1, 1985 Kathy Wilhoit was murdered. Greg Wilhot was left a single father to care for his four months old and fourteen months old. Nearly a year after Kathy was murdered Greg was accused, arrested and charged with the murder. The evidence to convict Greg of murder was a bite mark on Kathy’s body, that two dental â€Å"experts† matched with Gregs bite. This man was behind bars with two young daughters at home, so his parents decided to hire one of Oklahoma’s â€Å"best† defenseRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment: An Ongoing Arguement1043 Words   |  5 Pageseffectiveness of capital punishment when concerning future violent crime rates. The death penalty is also costly when compared to the cost of imprisoning a violent criminal for life. With such a definitive punishment and with its finality, there have also been a large number of persons executed who were in fact shown to be innocent at a later time. Although there is a lengthy history o f the death penalty in the United States, there is an immense disparity in regards to those who support capital punishmentRead MoreThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Capital punishment has existed in the US since colonial times. Since then, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed. Today, there are only twelve states which do not have the death penalty: Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin, as well as Washington D.C. The locations of these states are importantRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Long Time Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment has been around for quite a long time. It goes back to when Hammurabi had his laws classified; it was an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. The death penalty in America began when spies were gotten, put on trial and hung. In the past and still today individuals contend that, capital punishment is savage, strange discipline and ought to be unlawful. Yet numerous individuals contend that it is indeed legitimate and it is not merciless and bizarre. The death penalty is not coldbloodedRead MorePer suasive Essay On Capital Punishment921 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a controversial debate in the United States. Many Americans believe that the death penalty is immoral because of its ethical complications. Still others believe that capital punishment is a cheaper and quicker way for justice to be served. When the government houses inmates, vast amounts of money are spent on food, medication, and clothing for inmates to survive in prison. Yet, the majority of America still allows for the practice of capital punishment in several manners suchRead MoreThoughtful Reasoning For The Ultimate Punishment1613 Words   |  7 PagesLinda Chin Mr. Hoague AP Lit and Comp, Period 1 14 October 2015 Thoughtful Reasoning for the Ultimate Punishment Only the most dangerous criminals in the world are faced with society’s ultimate penalty, or at least that is the theory. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the Death Penalty has been debated for many decades regarding if such a method is ethical. While there are large amounts of supporters for the death penalty as a form of retribution, the process is avoidable financiallyRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Killing Taxpayer’s Wallets...Not Criminals1733 Words   |  7 Pages The Britannica Encyclopedia declares that capital punishment is a criminal sentence in which one is sentenced to death, after being found guilty of a capital offense, by a court of law. The death penalty and capital punishment are synonymous in terms of the law (â€Å"Capital Punishment†). Capital offenses are often serious, major crimes that usually involve either the murder or harming of another individual. The death penalty process has become a long and arduous process that can last a d ecade or more

Racism Synthesis Free Essays

Racism can be â€Å"defined as the hatred of one person by another or the belief that another person is less than human because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. It has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes† (â€Å"What†). The face of racism over the past 50 years has changed but yet, some still stay the same. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism Synthesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now People made laws against racism and it is not as blunt anymore. But opinions and stereotypes will remain which will cause others to still be treated differently. One way the face of racism has changed is that there are now laws against it. Because racism was such a major problem back then, the 14th amendment was created, which provided everyone guaranteed equal protection of the law and â€Å"prevents unreasonable searches and seizures† (â€Å"Racial†). In my high school, there is a wide range of diversity in races among the students. Not just a school of Blacks, or just Whites, or even just Asians, but the students are made up of a variety of races. A law that allows this diversity to happen is called Affirmative Action. â€Å"Affirmative Action refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business, usually justified as countering the effects of a history of discrimination† (Affirmative). According to James McBride in The Color of Water, him and his family â€Å"were shocked by the racial division of the city and surrounding country, where most of the black kids attended understaffed and underfunded city schools while whites attended sparkling clean suburban schools with fantastic facilities† (McBride 180). This suggests that since racism changed up north, in New York, there aren’t as much segregated schools anymore. While in the south, in Delaware, there still are segregated schools and rough racism. Another way the face of racism has changed is that it is not as blunt anymore. Racism is more discrete. Back then, not all blacks had the same privileges and racism wasn’t just about black and white people. This is an example of colourism. Colourism can be â€Å"defined as a conscious or unconscious state of prejudice that may be experienced by both blacks and whites so that they label as less attractive and intelligent individuals of a darker complexion, particularly, when it comes to black women† â€Å"Demystifying†). Among the black community, there is racism between it as well. Back then, white slave owners â€Å"allowed those of a lighter complexion certain privileges and denied those of a darker complexion those privileges and created in the minds of blacks that â€Å"light† is better. In addition, the selling of lighter-skinned women into prostitution or to salve masters to become their mistresses helped to concretize the idea that light skin is be tter† (â€Å"Demystifying†). But racism is not just about blacks and whites. It can be between any races. With the internet and the power of social networking these days, it is even easier to repudiate and excoriate people. People can criticize you secretly and not include you in certain events without your knowing. You can express racism even behind a computer screen on a website plus make it private so it can’t be seen by the public. Although racism has changed over time these past 50 years, racism in many ways still exists. Everybody has their own opinion and those opinions are influenced by the public and the media. In some way, shape, or form, people are stereotypical towards one another. Racial profiling is an issue due to such opinions and stereotypes. Racial Profiling can be defined as â€Å"the practice by law enforcement officials of using race, national origin, or ethnicity as the primary or sole consideration when intervening in a law-enforcement capacity† (â€Å"Racial†). James McBride, in The Color of Water, states that â€Å"any black man who loiters in front of a building for a long time looking it over is bound to draw suspicion from cops and others who probably think he’s looking for an open entrance so he can climb in and steal something. † This is an example of racial profiling because the police are considering that since he is black, he is going to commit crime and steal something. In that time, â€Å"black males were closely associated with crime in America (McBride). † This is a contribution to the stereotype of black people always committing crimes. Although stereotypes are based off facts, they do not apply to everybody. According to Heather Mac Donald, â€Å"such disparities in criminal victimization mean that the police cannot target their resources at the neighborhoods that most need protection without producing racially disparate stop and arrest rates. Blacks are not just the most frequent victims of crime in New York; they are also its most frequent perpetrators†¦add Hispanics to black shootings, and you account for 98 percent of all gun violence in New York. † Racism still hasn’t changed in stereotypes. Blacks still commit most crimes and are racially profiled by suspicion. Racism over the past 50 years has changed because of such laws for example, the 14th amendment and Affirmative Action. Furthermore, racism has changed due to colourism as well. But on the contrary, even though time has passed and views have changed, racism still remains the same due to everyone’s opinions provided and influenced by stereotypes. Works Cited â€Å"Affirmative Action. † Wikipedia. 2012. N. pag. Print. â€Å"Demystifying Colourism, Racism [opinion]. † Africa News Service 19 June 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. Mac Donald, Heather. â€Å"The crime reporting you never read: if it doesn’t bash the police, it isn’t fit to print. † National Review 30 July 2012: 32. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. McBride, James. The Color of Water: A Black Man’s Tribute to His White Mother. New York: Riverhead, 1997. Print. â€Å"Racial Profiling. † Issues Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 3 Sept. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"What Is Racism? † Anti-Defamation League. Anti-Defamation League, 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. . How to cite Racism Synthesis, Papers

Online Content Movies and TV

Question: Australia: Online content such as download of movies and TV A crime or not? Answer: Rationale Diagram Introduction Ethical theories have been used for a detailed analysis of the selected case study and the one that has been chose is that of increased incidences of download of movies and TV from the online sources in Australia. These sources are unfamiliar and unreliable in nature and in spite of that there is an increase in such cases at an extremely rapid pace. The primary reason behind such activities is absence of any law or defined criminal action that may withhold people from attempting it. Also, there is a huge cost associated with acquiring the same content from original sources which makes download as an easy and free of cost option (Life, News, crime, 2014). Ethical theories Base of the analysis Just Consequentialism It is a theory which defines the act as ethical or unethical in nature on the basis of its outcome or the consequences that result from the same. The motive or the intent behind the same plays a lesser role as far as this particular theory is concerned (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2003). The case study under discussion revolves around the act of acquiring the online content related to the work of art and cinema and the same is termed as unethical in nature as per the norms of the theory of Just Consequentialism. The main factors that have been considered for this are as described below: There is a significant loss that the makers of the movies or TV have to go through due to increased download of content from unreliable and unauthorized sources. The possibility of a legal action is not nullified as the offence could be taken to the court and reported as a civil issue. Remunerative and redeeming charges would be applied if found guilty Since, it is seen that the consequences that result out of this activity are not favorable in nature for every part involved, thus, the act is unethical in nature (Moor, 2016). Virtue Ethics The second theory that has been selected as the base to term the act of downloads as ethical or unethical is the theory of Virtue Ethics. It decided the activity as right or wrong on the basis of intent or the morals behind the same ("Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy", 2016). The primary motive behind the majority of users to have the movies and TV downloaded is to have enjoyment and entertainment for personal use and for friends and family. As per the theory of Virtue Ethics, the basic aim in life is to be happy and to spread happiness. The activity is thus, termed as ethical in this case ("LectureforExercise1.html", 2016). There are two scenarios that are involved in this act such as: Users who get hold of such content for the motive of enjoyment, fun, time-pass or entertainment. Users who further sell off such content in the market to make profit and use the same for commercial benefits. Ethical Issues in ICT There are a number of concerns that emerge in the world of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The can have some serious damage done for the individual as well as for the organization (Edewor, n.d.). Some of the most frequently seen issues of ICT are: ICT polished skill Privacy Security Cyber-wrong doings Intellectual property Legalization and censorship Incorporation of the society and social norms Community and character Pervasive and joint registering ("CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business", 2016) The issues that have been discussed in detail in respect to the case study are those of Intellectual Property, Security and Cyber-crime. Intellectual Property refers to the property that belongs to an individual, group of individuals or an organization. The first form of such right is that of Copyrights and the second one is that related to the Industrial Property rights ("WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?", 2016). There is a violation of Intellectual Property with the download of content from unauthorized sources and the violation that occurs is that of the Copyrights. Makers impose the copyrights on their works of art and the violation of the same can be reported as a copyright infringement and be accounted for a legal action. The next issue in the list is that of security. There are innumerable sources on the internet from where the users can download movies and TV. Not all of these are reliable in nature and some of these can bring along malicious programs. These comprise of a set of instructions that are installed on the user machine and promote a particular product or capture the entire activity that is performed ("What is spyware and adware?", 2016). The same can lead to damage to the confidentiality and integrity of the system. The third issue that is broadly seen in the present era of internet and digital media is that of the cyber crimes. These are the activities that result in severe damage and adverse effects on the individual and the system as well. These capture the information through unauthenticated means and use the same to perform unauthorized activities ("What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). There are many cyber crimes that take place with cyber stalking being the one that occurs very frequently. In this case, the attackers seize the address of the machine that is the computer system of the target machine and use the same to get inside the victims machine. All of the confidential and private information is then accessed by the attacker and malicious activities are performed which may result in huge loss to the image and reputation ("What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia", 2016). Viruses which are a set of programs that are designed to perform malicious activity are also used to perform cyber crime ("What is a computer virus? definition and meaning", 2016). Conclusion Australia has been a primary victim to the activities of download of content from unauthorized sources. There are various reasons behind the growth of such activities with no defined law to minimize it and the additional costs that are present behind acquiring the same from original source being the major ones. The two ethical theories that judge the act report it as ethical and unethical in nature as per the theory of Just Consequentialism and Virtue Ethics respectively. In case of the commercial use, the same act is termed as unethical by the theory of virtue ethics as well. The other issues that are seen revolving around this activity are those of Intellectual Property, cyber crimes and security. These issues arise due to the unreliability and unfamiliarity of the sources as they are unauthorized and unauthenticated in nature. References CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business. (2016). Ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/resources/general/ethicol/Ecv8no2.html Edewor, N. Ethics and Social Issues Related to Information Communication Technology (ICT). Government, Social And Legal Issues, 135-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-012-8.ch009 LectureforExercise1.html. (2016). Spot.colorado.edu. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://spot.colorado.edu/~tooley/Lecture3-EthicalTheories.html Life, D., News, D., crime, D. (2014). Downloading movies and TV is not a crime. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/downloading-movies-and-tv-is-not-a-crime-20141126-11uyie Moor,. (2016). Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/computing/DVA417/Lectures/Moor.pdf Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003). Consequentialism. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy. (2016). Philosophybasics.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_virtue_ethics.html What is a computer virus? definition and meaning. (2016). BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-virus.html What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016). Study.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cyber-crime-definition-types-examples.html What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia. (2016). Techopedia.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14326/cyberstalking What is spyware and adware?. (2016). Spychecker.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.spychecker.com/spyware.html WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?. (2016). Wto.org. Retrieved 27 May 2016, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm

Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management Essay Example

Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management Paper The importance and the related benefits of properly managing organic waste are still underestimated in many Philippine municipalities. That is why the Philippines is still looming with garbage management predisposition the passage of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. These problems brought to light during rainy seasons when their effects are seen in the form of increased flash floods and the proliferation of diseases throughout affected areas. Len general, such harmful effects to the environment and to society can be decreased by proper waste management practices. Roper dealing with organic waste can reduce the potential for environmental pollution while also protecting the individual who is responsible for the discarded materials (Hawkins, 2010). Furthermore, applying proper waste management practices loud result in the reduction of costs incurred in waste collection. Publication Full Text Seth presence of the organic waste management problem in Cube City is denoted by the popular existence of public markets. Carbon Market, the citys oldest and biggest produce market, is one of the primary sources of such waste. Though the citys garbage is collected through trucks, only an estimated 350 out of 500,000 tons of waste generated daily is collected and disposed at the Anyway landfill(Archival, 2012). In order to partially address the citys existing problem, the dumping of garbage must be reduced such hat recycling must be done whenever possible. Len connection with this, we recognize the fact that the high nutrient content and biodegradable nature of vegetable waste makes it easier to recycle. Despite the global applicability of organic waste management problem, we deemed it best to scrutinize the situation from a local standpoint. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specifically, we focused our study on the management of spoiled vegetables in local public markets. We conducted this study determine the methods of managing vegetable waste in Cube Citys public markets that are effective in minimizing the dumping of garbage that loud otherwise be recycled. Applying efficient and effective vegetable waste management methods would produce a positive impact not only on the incomes Of Cube City public market vendors but also on the Subcutaneously as a whole and the community in which it lives. Statement of the Problem The researchers conduct this study to describe the methods for disposal and management of vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cube City. Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions: a. How much vegetable wastes are currently being disposed of in the public markets in Cube City? . What method for disposal and management of vegetate blew wastes are currently implemented by the authorities that are responsible for the public markets? C. How do public market vendors respond to these implemented disposal and management methods? What are their attitudes and behaviors towards these methods? D. What are effective alternative methods of disposing and managing vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cube City? Statement of Assumptions It is assumed that the disposal of spoiled vegetables in the proper and most advantageous man near presents problems to public market vegetable endorsed, and that these vegetable vendors have their own strategies in disposing of spoiled vegetables which differ from market to market. It is also assumed that the public market area is a factor that affects the method fattest management. In addition, an optimal method of spoiled vegetable waste management exists. Significance of the Study Waste management is crucial for the betterment of the society since without it, people might end up suffering from their own garbage. Studying how public markets in Cube City manage and dispose of the vegetable wastes would greatly benefit many parties in the community including the market getable vendors, public market consumers, Local Government Units, the community and students. At the conclusion of our research, we will also recommend some solutions that would be Of best advantage to these parties: Market Vegetable Vendors This study aims to help the public market vegetable vendors be more aware that the management and proper disposal of the vegetable wastes is important in keeping the market environment sanitary and to provide them with optimal solutions on their disposal problems. Public Market Consumers This study will educate the consumers about the sanitary problems that exist in the vegetable market area and to enlighten them of the risks that these problems might pose on the cleanliness of the vegetables they buy and consequently, on their health. Local Government Units Through this study, the responsible government units or authorities would also be notified on the problem of disposing of the vegetable wastes in the markets in Cube City and would also assist them in making actions to solve the problem. Community By reading this research, the community would know that the proper management and disposal of vegetable wastes helps in keeping it healthy and ell; this may also inspire the society to cooperate in the application of the optimal solution to the sanitary problems of the vegetable market. Students This study would enlighten us, students, of the growing need to be more responsible in the management and disposal not only of the vegetable wastes but wastes in general. By reading this research, students will be more aware that there are actual problems that require attention beyond the four walls of their classrooms.

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine essays

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine essays Three years after the Allied victory of World War II and the tragic details of the Holocaust were revealed to the world, the United Nations recognized Israel as an independent state on May 15th, 1948. Ilan Pappe's The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine is a revisionist work that aims to reveal, as Pappe believes, the true narrative of the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. His main thesis is that David Ben-Gurion, Israel's first Prime Minister, and other Jewish leaders planned and executed a detailed and brutal ethnic cleansing of the Arab population residing in Palestine. Pappe contends that the plan, entitled Plan D or Plan Dalet, was carefully crafted for the Hagana, the precursor to the Israeli army, to carry out even before the British Mandate was lifted and UN Partition went into effect. He contends that early Zionists are mainly to blame for violence towards the Arabs, and that in discussing the events of 1948, the "ethnic cleansing paradigm" should replace the "paradigm of war" when researching and discussing what is at the ideological core of such events.[1] Benny Morris, another revisionist historian wrote the precursor to Pappe's work in 1987, entitled The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. He states that Morris used the "war paradigm" to describe the events of 1948, and that evicting Arabs from their homeland was inevitable. It is evident in the Preface that Pappe's work is a move further away from the Zionist narrative, one closer to Morris', in comparison to that of his own work to He claims the previous revisionist works, particularly Morris's, are incomplete based on the fact that Morris relied mainly on Israeli documents and did not include Arab or oral sources. Based on his research, he contends that uprooting Palestinians began before Israel was an official state and new borders for Israel were drawn. He uses other historians' work as a reference when explaining...

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples

Spectator Ion Definition and Examples Ions are atoms or molecules that carry a net electrical charge. There are different types of ions, including cations, anions, and spectator ions. Spectator Ion Definition A spectator ion is an ion that exists in the same form on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction. Spectator ions may be either cations (positively-charged ions) or anions (negatively-charged ions). The ion is unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation and does not affect equilibrium. When writing a net ionic equation, spectator ions found in the original equation are ignored. Thus, the total ionic reaction is different from the net chemical reaction. Spectator Ion Examples Consider the reaction between sodium chloride (NaCl) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) in aqueous solution. 2 NaCl (aq) CuSO4 (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The ionic form of this reaction is: 2 Na (aq) 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq) SO42- (aq) → 2 Na (aq) SO42- (aq) CuCl2 (s) The sodium ions and sulfate ion are the spectator ions in this reaction. They appear unchanged in both the product and reactant side of the equation. These ions just spectate while the other ions form the copper chloride. These ions are canceled out of a reaction to write the net ionic equation, so the net ionic equation for this example would be: 2 Cl- (aq) Cu2 (aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™ CuCl2 (s) Although spectator ions are ignored in the net reaction, they affect the Debye length. Table of Common Spectator Ions These ions are spectator ions because they dont react with water, so when soluble compounds of these ions dissolve in water, they wont directly affect pH and can be ignored. While you can consult a table, it worthwhile to memorize the common spectator ions because knowing them makes it easier to identify strong acids, strong bases, and neutral salts in a chemical reaction. The easiest way to learn them is in groups of three or trios of ions found together on the periodic table of the elements.

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths Annotated Bibliography

High risk sexual behavior with incarcerated youths - Annotated Bibliography Example The study also highlights the need for universal screening of the aforementioned illnesses in youth correction facilities; and the tendency of untrained staff in these facilities to interpret psychiatric data to incriminate juveniles instead of finding medical interventions to mitigate the risks these youth are exposed to while incarcerated. Golzari, M., Hunts, S. J., Anoshiravani, A. (2006). The health status of youth in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(6), 776-782. Golzari, et al. (2006) surveyed the variables which influence the health status of youth in detention, as well as the health issues of this cohort which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the general adolescent population. The authors are deemed authoritative in the field of medicine and in the academe. This work is an excellent resource for researchers and medical professionals who are interested in the well-being of juveniles exiting from detention facilities and how access of t hese group of adolescents to community health resources may be improved. Pack, R. P., Diclemente, R. J., Hook, E. W. (2000).