Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) Research Paper

Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) - Research Paper Example Biomedical informatics and health informatics is an interdisciplinary field which integrates different fields such as computer science, biology, medicine and health care. It fosters an effective analysis and management of data for its application in health care. Bernstam et al , [1] defines biomedical informatics as a science of information where data is presented together with meaning in finding solutions to biomedical related problems. This makes the field distinct from related fields such as biomedicine, bioinformatics and computer science. Computers provide the interface between the data which they process and humans interpret the meaning of the data, a task the computers are incapable of carrying out appropriately. This field has gained relevance because of the rise in use of electronic health records and the plethora of data emanating from genomics research, [2]. Because of the growth of the data available to professionals in the healthcare, there has been a change in the patte rn of medical decision making towards the requirement of informatics and information technology platform to assist medics in their decision making. Personalized medicine is a form of medicine that makes use of personal information derived from person’s genes, proteins and environment to assist in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, [3]. A biomarker is a variable which can be a gene, protein, or chemical which is altered in disease condition. Biomarkers are classified as prognostic, predictive or therapeutic biomarkers. Prognostic biomarkers try to assess the likely cause of a disease whereas predictive ones assess the probability of whether a patient will benefit from a particular therapy. In the recent times, personalized medicine has been ameliorated by a more improved molecular understanding of disease thereby introducing effective

Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Methods - Assignment Example There are two main research methods used in the business field, which are the qualitative and quantitative research methods; their use depends on different scenarios and the type of data that is required. Qualitative research methods are meant to help the researcher in understanding how people make decisions. This is achieved by evaluating the cultural and social contexts that describe the environment in which such people are situated (Myers, 2013). On the other hand, quantitative research was developed from natural sciences in understanding natural phenomena; the research approach uses numbers to represent values in constructing theoretical concepts. Interpreting such numbers is a strong scientific based method of understanding how a process actually works, and allows greater reliability as data collected offers a better trend of relations between two variables (Myers, 2013). This report uses a qualitative and a quantitative article in management to show how each research methodolog y applies in examining relationships between concepts. The report further determines the suitability of each methodology under differing research contexts. Holts (2011) uses a descriptive quantitative approach in determining the necessary behaviours, skills and practices that a pharmaceutical company would require to establish a reliable and effective leadership development program. The research involves collecting data from sales representatives and district managers. The two groups represent multi-level structures in an organization and offer reliable trends in the behaviour of sales persons in the company. Case studies as in Holts case may be said to be, â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context† (Yin 2003, p.13). In other words, the study is aimed at investigating the dynamics that manifest in a single research setting, in this case examining actions taken by sales persons in a pharmaceutical company. The author ai ms at tracing operational links and their impacts on sales representatives. In addition, the research establishes ‘how’ the company may use skills of the experienced sales persons in formulating a training program for new personnel in the future. Holts first offers a background on how companies formulate different approaches to structure leadership development programs, and forms a problem statement based on this introduction. The research problem, which forms the basis of the article, is that companies lack enough knowledge on how to formulate effective leadership training programs. Holts justifies this problem by examining the benefits of forming a program based on the data from sales representatives and district managers, as they possess the required skills in marketing the company’s products. However, Holts in the conceptual framewor

Head Count System Using Artificial Intelligence Method Information Technology Essay

Head Count System Using Artificial Intelligence Method Information Technology Essay Abstract This report is developing the project called Head Count System using Artificial Intelligence Method. This report compresses the introduction, literature review, methodology, project design, result and discussion, project management and conclusion of the project. For the starting of this report, there will shows more on the products (head count system) description, background, aims and objective. Next, this report will discuss more on the products component such as hardware and software. There will research or survey on the hardware and software those can be suit on designing the product. After the research or survey, this report will include details more into the specification of this project. Some discussion will also be done on the systems programming code, dimension of the hardware, and the linking tool and cable that are chosen to use. The key point of this project is on the artificial intelligence. Fuzzy logic, neural network, neurofuzzy, induction algorithms and genetic algorithms are the type of the artificial intelligence engine. This report will discuss on the structure, method and application behind the entire artificial intelligence engine in literature review. Furthermore, the detail discussion on neural network programming such as Hopfield network and support vector machine will carry out in the methodology. Some of the image processing programming will explained in that chapter too. After all the basic theory and methodology, the real work on designing this project will proceed in project design. There got three main programming those are image acquisition, network and counting system will elaborate in flow chart and figure. All the experiment result and discussion on this project will state in the following chapter too. Finally, the conclusion will conclude all the processes on research, design and building for this project in the end of the report. In the conclusion, the achievement, distribution and weakness of this project will stated out too. With the recommendation as the ending of this report, this project is hoping can be improved in future development. Introduction Head count system is using in everywhere and any time in the reality life. Counting the amount of head counts is a must since the world started no matter in which occasion such as lecture halls, parties, ballrooms and so on. Nowadays, there is still use a traditional ways to get the total amount of the head count. The ways are using such like count one by one manually by a person assigned; tick attendance using paper to record down and so on. Otherwise, some advance ways to get the head count such as using smart card to get the head count through a manually scanning device; manually check in through a control server and so on. Following the trend of the technology grown, a lot of automation products have been created or designed. These kinds of products are now available in the market to reduce the waste of time and energy on unnecessary purposes. If the head count system also can detect or check the amount of head count automatically, there will be increase the efficiency of work and prevent the resource is wasted. [1] Background of the project Head Count System using Artificial Intelligence Method is designed and developed head count system that is able to intelligently check the total number of head counts entering or exiting an enclosed location. This system can automatically determine the number of head count by using sensors and combination with artificial intelligence engine. So, this project will be built based on software and hardware too. Some more the interfacing device is needed for this project to link up the hardware direct to computer. This is because the artificial intelligence programming will write in software in computer and the input of sensor will direct get through the interfacing device. Methodology After the literature review on the project is done, the specification of the project is decided. This project will be use MATLAB as the programmer to write the code of Neural Network which is one of the AI engine, as the software part. Besides that, USB cable is chosen as the interfacing device to link the software and hardware. The hardware of this project is built by thermal imaging camera [13] Thermal Imaging Camera All materials, which are above 0 degrees Kelvin (-273 degrees C), emit infrared energy. The infrared energy emitted from the measured object is converted into an electrical signal by the imaging sensor (microbolometer) in the camera and displayed on a monitor as a color or monochrome thermal image. [23] Infrared is a form of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet, visible light, X-rays and gamma rays the same. All of these forms together constitute the electromagnetic spectrum, are similar, the speed of light they emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves moving. Each other band in the spectrum of the main difference is their wavelength, and the related amount of wave energy to carry. For example, while gamma ray wavelengths than visible light millions of times smaller, the wavelength of radio waves over a billion times is visible. [23] With the technical explanations above, there show that thermal imaging camera is not affect by any light level and it is better than a normal camera by this point. Using thermal imaging camera in this project will reduce the faulty cause by light level to minimum. MATLAB MATLAB is a high-level language of technical computing. MATLAB can apply to wide application, including image processing, sound processing, financial analysis, control design, and data communications. In image processing, both 2-D and 3-D graphical image is able to function. Using MATLAB, technical computing problems can be solved faster than using traditional programming languages, such as C and C++. Besides that, inside MATLAB software contains a lot of useful toolbox. All the toolbox can be link up and function together. While programming in MATLAB, if any function command that not familiar can be get more information on that command by typing help followed with the command. With entire advantages shown above, MATLAB is chosen as the software platform for this project. [21] MATLAB is the platform using to test on all the sample method programming shown above. From the result on testing neural network sample programming, single-layer perceptron and multi-layer perceptron are good in use on data pattern classification. Hopfield network is suitable in image restore application. Then support vector machines and kernel function are used in pattern analysis especially in face detection system. For image processing sample programming, Kirsch edge detection and canny edge detection are good edge detecting solution. Shape recognition can be use Houdorff-based image comparison to implement. Gabor function can be applied with support vector machines for face detection. Lastly, one-dimensional Gaussion function is used in signal processing, but in image processing where two-dimensional Gaussian can be apply to it. After some preliminary work on so many programming, the Support Vector Machines has been chosen as the design programming on this project. The programming shown above is just the major of the programming linking with this project. The main reason chosen Support Vector Machines is this network combine both neural network and image processing method. Result and Discussion In this project result and discussion, the three main parts will be discussed in detail on the result. The three main parts are image acquisition able to get the input from sensor, train the network with support vector machines completely with no error and headcount system able count correctly. Figure 9: show the result on image acquisition For the image acquisition programming, it can test with PC camera. PC camera is set as the input in the programming. Right-hand side image on figure 9 at above shows the view point of the camera after the program is started. If there got any motion occurred in the view point of the camera, the image will be captured. Left-hand side image on figure 9 at above shows the result of captured image after motion occurred. The discussion above state all the basic function on this program and the result will show as figure in the real project. Figure 10: show the result on main program on creating network Figure 10 at above show the result after run the programming of support vector machines. The right-hand side of the figure 10 at above shows a prompt menu for the user chooses the step to perform on this program. If Generate Database is pressed, the program will load the image database to the workspace and there will shows Loading HeadCount and Loading non-HeadCount as shown at left-hand side, first two lines on figure 10. If the button Create SVM is pressed, the support vector machines network will be created. Some information of the network will be show out as shown at left-hand side, after first two lines on figure 10. To test the network is just press the Test on Photos button. After the button is pressed, another menu will prompt out is let the user to select the sample image for testing. After the sample is selected, the program will run automatically until the result come out. The program will circle all the headcount based on the network. If there got error, the program can l et the user to retrain it regarding to same sample. In the experiment on this project, one sample that contains some possibly of the combination and eight different orientation of headcount is created to use as the testing sample. Lastly, the menu will close if the Exit is pressed. Figure 11: show the result on GUI output for counting system For the counting system, GUI is created to show the result of the number of headcount as shown at right-hand side in figure 11 and the input image have been captured as shown at left-hand side in figure 11. The result is counted based on these theories: If the objects of first image touch the upper line then the objects of the following image touch the lower line, this mean the objects are moving in. If the objects of first image touch the lower line then the objects of the following image touch the upper line, this mean the objects are moving out. Conclusion This report shows the complete process on designing this project. After complete the literature review, this can help on choosing the hardware, software or interfacing device to use. Methodology of this project shows majority method or solution to do this project in both building hardware and the software programming. More testing and simulations are done to get better solution. The complete steps or procedures of this project are show in the project design with the flow chart. Practical testing is also done and the result has been show and discuss clearly. This project fully achieves the entire objective stated above. For the main objective on researching type of artificial intelligence engine has fully achieved. The definition, architecture, algorithm of all type of artificial intelligence such as fuzzy logic, neural network, neurofuzzy, induction algorithm and genetic algorithm have been explained and stated in the literature review. Summary in literature review support the point of achieve the main objective and prove the objective of determine the type of interfacing device to use for connecting hardware and software is achieved. By comparing the two types of the interfacing devices such as USB cable and RS232, USB cable has a better speed than RS232 cable. So USB cable is chosen. The investigating and testing the sample programming on both neural network and image processing in methodology is to achieve one of the objectives. That objective is investigated on the programming language for the artificial intelligence engine. There i s not only achieve the objective and some additional investigating on image processing is adding on. Design software and GUI which able to simulate the system model, and implement the prototype hardware to get the inputs are achieved objectives too. PC camera is used to get input with the worked programming and GUI indicate the number of headcount prove that these objective is achieved. The result is show and discussion clearly on above. The contributions and benefits of this project is save the life from emergency is happen, reduce the waste of time and energy on unnecessary purposes, increase the efficiency of work, and this project is ease to use head count system with fully automatically function. The weaknesses and disadvantages of this project is limit in light level on PC camera, time consuming and memory consuming on operate the system is high. Reference and Bibliography http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20090271240.pdf (Accessed: 30 October 2010) http://www.headcountsystems.com/counting_technology.html (Accessed: 9 October 2010) http://www.911headcount.com/solutions.html (Accessed: 9 October 2010) http://pragmatick.com/ (Accessed: 10 October 2010) http://www.sensourceinc.com/ (Accessed: 16 October 2010) http://www.countwise.com/products_overview.php (Accessed: 16 October 2010) http://www.infodev.ca/buildings.html (Accessed: 17 October 2010) http://www.trafsys.com/people-counters.aspx (Accessed: 17 October 2010) http://en.wikipedia.org (Accessed: 6 November 2010) http://www.wtec.org/loyola/kb/c1_s1.htm (Accessed: 6 November 2010) http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/A-Bud/Artificial-Intelligence.html (Accessed: 23 October 2010) http://www.zaptron.com/literature/neurofuzzy.htm (Accessed: 24 October 2010) http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/supportedio14005.html (Accessed: 30 October 2010) http://www.automationdirect.com/static/specs/pe18mmfaled.pdf (Accessed: 31 October 2010) http://www.roboticsconnection.com/p-23-sharp-gp2d120-ir-sensor.aspx (Accessed: 31 October 2010) http://www.interfacebus.com/usb-cable-diagram-30.html (Accessed: 31 October 2010) http://faculty.olin.edu/bstorey/Notes/Card.pdf (Accessed: 30 October 2010) http://www.dataq.com/support/documentation/pdf/misc/MatlabAdaptor.pdf (Accessed: 30 October 2010) http://www.neuralwiki.org/index.php?title=Programming_the_USB-6008_with_Matlab (Accessed: 31 October 2010) http://en.wikipedia.org (Accessed: 31 October 2010) http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/description1.html (Accessed: 14 November 2010) http://www.developers.net/intelisdshowcase/view/47 (Accessed: 21 November 2010) http://www.inmes.hr/pdf/thermography.pdf (Accessed: 28 November 2010) http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/shl9/roel2a/smits2a.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2010) http://www.dtreg.com/mlfn.htm (Accessed: 12 December 2010) http://www.learnartificialneuralnetworks.com/hopfield.html (Accessed: 19 December 2010) http://www.dtreg.com/svm.htm (Accessed: 26 December 2010) http://crsouza.blogspot.com/2010/03/kernel-functions-for-machine-learning.html (Accessed: 26 December 2010) http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/ (Accessed: 2 January 2011) http://www.cvmt.dk/education/teaching/f09/VGIS8/AIP/canny_09gr820.pdf (Accessed: 2 January 2011) http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GaussianFunction.html (Accessed: 9 January 2011) http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~weg22/can_tut.html (Accessed: 16 January 2011) https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~ece327/old/2007t1/proj/doc/proj.pdf (Accessed: 23 January 2011) http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~dph/hausdorff/hausdorff1.html (Accessed: 30 January 2011) http://www.cs.cornell.edu/vision/hausdorff/hausmatch.html (Accessed: 13 February 2011) http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~tai/papers/pami.pdf (Accessed: 20 February 2011)

Culture and Moral Values: Are they changing? Essay

As we enter into a new world of technology our culture and moral values are simultaneously fading away with every new invention. We seem to be forgetting the important things in life. Reading the works of William Wordsworth and other poetic authors, some people may start to see how men and women cherished life and nature at one point in time. Today, we look at nature as if it is meant to be slaves for our needs in order to provide us with food, water, and air. Nature provides for us and we treat this beautiful gift as a slave that works to satisfy our needs, not taking care of our gift, forgetting to cherish every thing that nature has given to the human race. People forget that nature was given to us as a masterpiece of strength and power through God. Man’s ability to strive for more in life seems to destroy his vision of what he must base his values of life on as a Christian human being. The subject of â€Å"industrial organization† applies the economist’s mode ls of price theory to the industries in the world around us (Caves 15). Industrialization is a great discovery that helped revolutionize the life of people at a very rapid pace. It seems that ever since man became intelligent enough to create easy ways of life, his cultural values of family, work, and life have become a task for machines. Instead of overtaking our ideas and inventions, controlling them, and molding them into our own way of life, we allow industrialization of new technology to pave the way of life we live. In this essay we will be discussing the process of industrialization, explaining the effects it has had on culture and moral values in the time of our ancestors, as apart from the culture and moral values of today’s society. In the new world today industrialization is a big part of technology. It seems that the more the industry field starts to grow, the more we seem to forget the real values of life. We have now entered a new phase, in which adults all over the world have to recognize that all children’s experience is different from their own (Mead 23). Television, computers, cars, and other manmade inventions are beginning t o bring our normal hard working way of life to extinction. Instead of trying to keep the ideal of working hard for something that a person may want in life, we depend on new technology to create an easier life for our own selfish purposes. Today many people take nature and life for granted. Industrialization, having one of the biggest portions of why this problem  exists, will start to control the relationship of man and the outdoors. Industrialization is the main work force of our life. It is about to destroy every thing that God gave to us as a spiritual gift. God did provide us with the knowledge to create the industry work field. But he did not intend for us to misuse our power of intelligence. God gave us the gift of bringing new life into the world as human beings. This is something that we should cherish and respect as children of Jesus the Messiah. Today scientists are trying to produce life through cloning. We should be ashamed to even try to create life or clone life; it is meant for a living thing to be born then die. Industrialization is not wrong as of today, but sooner are later we will take it too far and end up regretting even trying to abuse our power. Growing up as a young man in an African American family, stories were told in order to explain the c oncept of hard work and the willingness to work hard in order to get what one needed, not wanted. We, as young adults, should be thankful for the new network of industry and never take any part of this wonderful life for granted. In the days of our ancestors they cherished every little thing that they had to work for in life. Moral values meant something special in those times, and every one loved to enjoy the beautiful outdoors. Industrialization back then meant a shovel, horse, and manpower in order to eat on an everyday basis. Children played with ropes tied to a cane, read books, and studied the outdoors. They never once had the evil, selfish moral values that we have today. Selfishness may have exited back in those days, but no one really had too much to be selfish about in those times. Culture had a totally different meaning for our ancestors; they understood the meaning of true moral values. â€Å"Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, and its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning (Ferguson 69).† Art, music, life, and religion were a big part of everyday life. Many great poets and authors came from this ancestral period. Music was not just something to listen to but also something to study and appreciate. If only we could recapture those everlasting moments that our ancestors enjoyed through out their lives we would never overstep our boundaries towards a more technological world. In today’s society Industrialization has become a major part of everyday life. Computers, transportation, entertainment, and technology have become like a disease  that is spreading throughout our young youth, destroying all the moral values that had been set in the time of our ancestors (Ferguson 45). How can we raise our kids not to be selfish and arrogant in the world today when there is a specific way of life? There is a certain way to dress, talk, walk, eat, and even sleep. People fail to realize that at one point in the past there was a time when people were not able to choose when to sleep or how to dress. Industrialization has just about created a new way of life where humans just lie around the house and get fat all day. It is real funny how we are the most intelligent race on the face of the earth, but we can’t seem to control our own despicable ways. Everyone at some point in his or her life wishes there was an easier way to perform a task or a short cut th rough a difficult task. Children that are following the path that we are creating for them will lose the little feeling that a person gets from gaining something from nothing. If we just hand things to children every time they ask for them how can we capture the moral values from our ancestors. In order for us to reveal true culture of nature, we must travel far from technology and Industrialization. We must learn to cherish every thing that has been accomplished for use as Americans and children of God. Culture and moral values to some may be very important issues but to others may just be nonexistent being that fade away slowly every second. If we conceive ourselves in technology we will lose our true heritage, forgetting what God has intended for us through our knowledge. Our intelligent minds are meant for us to have a better view of our culture and moral values. This basically means that our ability to strengthen our way of living through technology should have no effect on changing the way our values and culture progress to with everyday life. We should not take every thing that has been blessed upon us for granted. When will we ever go back to the old way of life and try to counteract it with today’s Technology? Think about how wonderful a world we would have if everyone worked to the maximum potential. If we really tried as hard as our ancestors did we may have a cure for all diseases, we may stop world hunger, or even succeed in world peace. Until we realize that our life is based on more than just materialistic items, the new world of industrialization will take over our minds and destroy our bodies. Works Cited Page Caves, Richard. American Industry: Structure, Conduct, Performance. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey: 1987. Ferguson, John. Moral Values in the Ancient World. Methuen & Co, London: 1921. Mead, Margaret. Culture and Commitment. Columbia University Press. New York: 1978.

Essay about Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Scandal in...

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Scandal in Bohemia The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes was written by Sir Arthur ConanDoyle. The novel was first published in 1892. A Scandal in Bohemia was a short story about a woman who has pictures of herself and a high Englishnobleman. She used them to blackmail him. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a novelist, a detective-story writer, and aphysician. He was born on May 22, 1859 and died on July 7, 1930. He beganwriting The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in 1890 and finished writing it in1892. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was so successful in his writing that he gave uphis career as a physician only five years after the creation of Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson were created by Sir Arthur†¦show more content†¦When Holmes saw the place where she had run, he knewwhere the pictures were and told the people that it was a false alarm. The next morning the King of Bohemia and Sherlock Holmes found out thatIrene Alder married a man named Godfrey Norton. Irene had left England thenight befo re with her husband. Holmes went to her house and opened the slidingpanel to find only a picture of Irene and a letter adressed to Sherlock Holmes.The letter said that the King of Bohemia did not have to worry about thepictures, for she loved another man better than he. It also said that she kept thepictures only to protect herself. The King of Bohemia then asked SherlockHolmes what he wanted for his services and offered him a ring. Holmes told theKing he did not want the ring, but only the picture of Irene. Count Von Kramm was the King of Bohemia. He was extremely tall andwas a well built man. His clothes were that of the best fabric available at thetime. 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Benefits Of Social Responsibility And Sustainability

RUNNING HEAD: BURT?S BEES? GREATER GOOD MODEL 1 BURT?S BEES? GREATER GOOD MODEL 8 Burt?s Bees? Greater Good Model: The Benefits of Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Business Erika J. Tan California Institute of Advanced Management (CIAM) Author Note This paper is being submitted on May 20, 2016, for James Dorsett?s IB 501 International Business course. Burt?s Bees? Greater Good Model: The Benefits of Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Business In 1997, Burt Shavitz along with his romantic partner at the time, founded Burt?s Bees an all-natural line of skin care, hair and beauty products. Today, although the company has been bought by Clorox, a corporation known for its harsh cleaning products, Burt?s Bees offers over 200 natural products and is also recognized as one of the most socially and environmentally responsible companies in the world. Not only is Burt?s Bees socially responsible and known for its ethical business practices, it has also remained steadily profitable since it was founded, even throughout the recession in the United States. Burt?s Bees prides itself on staying true to its origins and not only gaining profit, but providing natural products for its consumers and leaving only minute traces of their production on the planet. On their website, Burt?sShow MoreRelatedEthics And Corporate Social Responsibility1637 Words   |  7 Pagescontributed to Managing Sustainability: Ethics and Corporate Social Respons ibility in the post-bureaucratic era. â€Å"Leadership is the process of directing, controlling, motivating and inspiring staff toward the realization of stated organizational goals† (Clegg, S.R. Kornberger, M. Pitsis. 2011, p.126.) 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Capital Punishment on Trial Essay - 1864 Words

Capital Punishment on Trial Capital Punishment is an issue that has been argued over from the dinner table in the average American home the the oval office in the White House for countless amounts of years. The opposing sides each state their claim on why we should, or shouldnt allow the death penalty to be administered to those criminals who the courts believe should be killed. Each argument has very valid reasons on why the death penalty is right and wrong, and they both have convincing points to prove their argument. The social problems within capital punishment vary from it being morally right or wrong, humane or inhumane, to the excessive time and money that is spent during appeals and stays of execution. This†¦show more content†¦As if the loss of a loved one is not enough for a family to deal with, Bundy remained on death row for nearly ten years. Three stays of execution and endless appeals kept Bundy alive for almost a decade, when his victims lives were untimely and viciously taken from them (Lamar 34). Many in fovor of the death penalty feel that if a sentence of death is handed down, then it should be enforced immediately, not as a question of morality, but simply as an act of justice. The death penalty already exists in thirty six states, and given its existence it should be enforced. The problem that arises within the criminal justice system as it is currently written in the law books is where part of this social problem arises. Since the United States Supreme Court reinstated the death Penalty in 1976, thirty six states have legislated capital punishment statutes (Capital Punishment 1992). All but thirteen states and the District of Columbia have the death penalty as a sentencing option, including Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (Norman 1). Since capital punishment is already in existence, the problem is that it is not enforced. This lack of enforcement translated into inefficient functioning of the criminal justice system, which begins to be looked at as a social problem. If the criminalShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment On Trial : Furman V. Georgia And The Death Penalty985 Words   |  4 PagesIn David M. Oshinsky’s book, Capital Punishment on Trial: Furman v. Georgia and the Death Penalty in Modern America, he discussed the case of Furman v. Georgia. He explores the controversy that capital punishment holds in the United States of America. The death penalty has been in practice for many centuries. For example, â€Å"In Massachusetts, where religion had played a key role in settlement, crimes like blasphemy, witchcraft, sodomy, adultery, and incest became capital offenses, through juries sometimesRead MoreDeath Penalty for Murders1634 Words   |  6 Pagessevere punishment in the United States. People who have performed heinous crimes can be sentenced to capital punishment in some states; however, this type of chastisement is rarely performed. Capital punishment has more negative aspects than it h as positive. The states that have legalized the death penalty face the excessive costs associated with it, which can be damaging to their economies. In addition, there is always the chance of executing an innocent person when carrying out capital punishmentRead MoreThe Cost Of Capital Punishment1664 Words   |  7 Pagespenalty with no resultant reduction in crime. The exorbitant costs of capital punishment are actually making America less safe because badly needed financial and legal resources are being diverted from effective crime fighting strategies. Before the Los Angeles riots, for example, California had little money for innovations like community policing, but was managing to spend an extra $90 million per year on capital punishment. Texas, with over 300 people on death row, is spending an estimated $2Read MoreToughts on the Capital Punishment1646 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment On June 1, 1985 Kathy Wilhoit was murdered. Greg Wilhot was left a single father to care for his four months old and fourteen months old. Nearly a year after Kathy was murdered Greg was accused, arrested and charged with the murder. The evidence to convict Greg of murder was a bite mark on Kathy’s body, that two dental â€Å"experts† matched with Gregs bite. This man was behind bars with two young daughters at home, so his parents decided to hire one of Oklahoma’s â€Å"best† defenseRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment: An Ongoing Arguement1043 Words   |  5 Pageseffectiveness of capital punishment when concerning future violent crime rates. The death penalty is also costly when compared to the cost of imprisoning a violent criminal for life. With such a definitive punishment and with its finality, there have also been a large number of persons executed who were in fact shown to be innocent at a later time. Although there is a lengthy history o f the death penalty in the United States, there is an immense disparity in regards to those who support capital punishmentRead MoreThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States Capital punishment has existed in the US since colonial times. Since then, more than 13,000 people have been legally executed. Today, there are only twelve states which do not have the death penalty: Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin, as well as Washington D.C. The locations of these states are importantRead MoreCapital Punishment : A Long Time Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment has been around for quite a long time. It goes back to when Hammurabi had his laws classified; it was an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. The death penalty in America began when spies were gotten, put on trial and hung. In the past and still today individuals contend that, capital punishment is savage, strange discipline and ought to be unlawful. Yet numerous individuals contend that it is indeed legitimate and it is not merciless and bizarre. The death penalty is not coldbloodedRead MorePer suasive Essay On Capital Punishment921 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a controversial debate in the United States. Many Americans believe that the death penalty is immoral because of its ethical complications. Still others believe that capital punishment is a cheaper and quicker way for justice to be served. When the government houses inmates, vast amounts of money are spent on food, medication, and clothing for inmates to survive in prison. Yet, the majority of America still allows for the practice of capital punishment in several manners suchRead MoreThoughtful Reasoning For The Ultimate Punishment1613 Words   |  7 PagesLinda Chin Mr. Hoague AP Lit and Comp, Period 1 14 October 2015 Thoughtful Reasoning for the Ultimate Punishment Only the most dangerous criminals in the world are faced with society’s ultimate penalty, or at least that is the theory. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the Death Penalty has been debated for many decades regarding if such a method is ethical. While there are large amounts of supporters for the death penalty as a form of retribution, the process is avoidable financiallyRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Killing Taxpayer’s Wallets...Not Criminals1733 Words   |  7 Pages The Britannica Encyclopedia declares that capital punishment is a criminal sentence in which one is sentenced to death, after being found guilty of a capital offense, by a court of law. The death penalty and capital punishment are synonymous in terms of the law (â€Å"Capital Punishment†). Capital offenses are often serious, major crimes that usually involve either the murder or harming of another individual. The death penalty process has become a long and arduous process that can last a d ecade or more